Putting It All Together

Here is a summary of the important facts and information related to emphysema.

• Emphysema is a chronic lung disease that reduces the lungs' ability to expand and contract.

• When the air sacs in the lungs cannot expand and contract normally, less oxygen passes through the lungs to the body.

• Cigarette smoking is the major cause of emphysema.

• Diagnosis of emphysema is based on a review of symptoms, lung function tests, breathing patterns and, sometimes, x-rays or CT scans.

• A substance called alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is thought to protect against some of the damage caused by cigarette smoke or other irritants. People with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AAT deficiency) are at a higher risk for severe disease.

• A blood test can establish the diagnosis of AAT deficiency.

• There is currently no cure for emphysema, but the symptoms can be lessened with medication, supplemental oxygen, and proper nutrition

• Lung reduction surgery and lung transplants are newer treatments for emphysema that are gaining acceptance but are still in the investigative phase.

• For people with emphysema due to AAT deficiency, weekly infusions of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor may slow lung tissue destruction.